天美传媒

Abstract

Pain, both acute and chronic, remains one of the most challenging symptoms to treat effectively. Pharmacotherapy is the cornerstone of pain management, with a spectrum of drugs ranging from conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids to newer classes such as selective COX-2 inhibitors, ion channel modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. Understanding the pharmacodynamics of these agents—their mechanism of action at target sites—is crucial for selecting appropriate therapies, predicting efficacy, and minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the comparative pharmacodynamics of conventional painkillers and emerging novel analgesic agents, evaluating how they interact with the body’s pain pathways, modulate nociceptive transmission, and contribute to clinical outcomes. By examining these differences, this review aims to illuminate future directions in pain pharmacotherapy, including personalized medicine and combination strategies for improved pain control.